WIRELESS TECHNOLOGY

WHAT IS WIRELESS TECHNOLOGY?

Wireless internet/technology creates a network by sending radio-frequency signals between your computers to share information. 

Wireless networking technologies is using no wires. In a wireless network, all of the computers in your home broadcast their information to one another using radio signals. This can make networking easy, especially if you have computers all over your house. It also makes it a whole lot simpler to move computers around, like laptop with a wireless network card. This makes it so much simpler because it's completely portable, which means that you can move throughout the house and still be connected to the internet. 

In wireless networking, a peer-to-peer or in other words point-to-point wireless network means that each computer can communicate directly with every other computer on the network. Not all of the wireless network has peer-to-peer, some wireless networks are client/server. The wireless network that use client/severs have an access point. An access point is a wired controller that receives and transmits data to the wireless adapters installed in each computer. 

ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF WIRELESS NETWORK

Advantages

• Flexible if there is ad-hoc situation when additional workstation was required. 
• Implementation cost is cheaper than wired network.
• Ideal for the non-reachable places such as across river or mountain or rural area.
• Ideal for temporary network setups. 

Disadvantages

• Lower speed compared to wired network. (of course!)
• Less secure because hacker's laptop can act as Access Point. If you connected to their laptop, they'll read all your information (username, password.. bla..bla..bla..).
• More complex to configure than wired network.
• Affected by surrounding. E.g: walls (blocking), microwave oven (interference), far distance (attenuation)

TYPE OF WIRELESS TECHNOLOGY

1.WiFi Technology

WiFi is commonly called as wireless LAN, it is one of those networks in which high frequency radio waves are required for transmission of data from one place to another. WiFi operates on several hundreds feet between two places of data transmission. This technology only works on high frequency radio signals. Otherwise, it will not work properly. Nowadays this technology is used as office or home network and in many electronic devices. Wireless LAN or WiFi is divided into three main parts on which its whole working depends and all of its applications also depend on these parts i.e. infrastructure mode, ad hoc network and mixed network.

2.Zigbee Technology

A type of low cost, low power and wireless technology which is used for the different purposes at ultra low power is known as Zig bee technology. Low power radios on the basis of standard personal wireless networking are used by a protocol to enhance the technology. It offers excellent wireless control path network. It was not proposed or designed for the excellent or high speed data transfer rate applications. But it was designed for working on excellent long battery timings at low cost and also at ultra low power consumption. It is an ideal technology which operates at low power and low cost and used for wireless monitoring and control.

3.Wimax Technology

One of the important wireless technologies another technology is present that is called as Wimax technology. It is defined as a type of the wireless networking technology that is required to transmit the information in the form of microwaves through different type of methods of wireless networking from point to point or multi point access top the devices which are portable in nature. Wimax technology is categorized into two types that are Fixed Wimax and the mobile Wimax.

WHAT IS 'LAN'???

  WHAT IS "LAN"???  

LAN is a Local area networks (LANs) are computer networks ranging in size from a few computers in a single office to hundreds or even thousands of devices spread across several buildings. They function to link computers together and provide shared access to printers, file servers, and other services. LANs in turn may be plugged into larger networks, such as larger LANs or wide area networks (WANs), connecting many computers within an organization to each other and/or to the Internet.

Because the technologies used to build LANs are extremely diverse, it is impossible to describe them except in the most general way. Universal components consist of the physical media that connect devices, interfaces on the individual devices that connect to the media, protocols that transmit data across the network, and software that negotiates, interprets, and administers the network and its services. Many LANs also include signal repeaters and bridges or routers, especially if they are large or connect to other networks.

The level of management required to run a LAN depends on the type, configuration, and number of devices involved, but in some cases it can be considerable.

WHAT IS PROTOCOL?? 

In information technology, a protocol is the special set of rules that end points in a telecommunication connection use when they communicate. Protocols specify interactions between the communicating entities. 

Protocols exist at several levels in a telecommunication connection. For example, there are protocols for the data interchange at the hardware device level and protocols for data interchange at the application program level. In the standard model known as Open Systems Interconnection (OSI), there are one or more protocols at each layer in the telecommunication exchange that both ends of the exchange must recognize and observe. Protocols are often described in an industry or international standard.

The TCP/IP Internet protocols, a common example, consist of :

• Transmission Control Protocol (TCP), which uses a set of rules to exchange messages with other Internet points at the information packet level
• Internet Protocol (IP), which uses a set of rules to send and receive messages at the Internet address level
• Additional protocols that include the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) and File Transfer Protocol (FTP), each with defined sets of rules to use with corresponding programs elsewhere on the Internet

 

 

COMPUTER AS TEACHER TOOLS

COMPUTER AS TEACHER TOOLS
Function of computer for teachers :

• Keep records, manipulate information, produce individual letters to parents.
• Produce a class newsletter.
• Create customized follow-up work for lessons.
• Make personalized certificates of achievement.
• Create customized graphic organizers and direction sheets.
• Create charts, student lists and name tags.
• Communicate with other professionals and subject experts via email.

COMPUTER AS MULTI-MEDIA CHALK BOARD

• Reading groups: draw story webs, have the computer read vocabulary words
• Demonstrate concepts: for example, add descriptive words to a sentence or rearrange the sequence of words in a sentence to change the meaning.
• Record information from a group brainstorming session that introduces a new unit.
• Demonstrate writing or editing skills.
• Demonstrate Math concepts (ClarisWorks) (Graph Club)
• Color text for exploring, or critically evaluating written material
• Color text for demonstrating patterns and devices in poetry (check out poetry sites in Global Shared folder: !Web sites)
• Spreadsheet for graphing simple survey information
• Live access to a selected Internet site to enhance discussion orillustrate a point.
• Live access to a selected Internet site to retrieve authentic data

COMPUTER AS LEARNING CENTER

• guess the word (copy, speak and change to picture) (KidWorks 2)
• Tanagrams
• Use an atlas or encyclopedia: find some type of information such a six rivers in Africa or Go to CIA World Fact Book with a Scavenger hunt worksheet.
• Use one component of some commercial software that goes along with your curriculum topic (Use a worksheet to direct student use.)
• Calculator in math to check work
• Spell checker during writing times
• Thesaurus during writing times (Writing Center) (ClarisWorks)
• Rhyming dictionary during poetry writing (see poetry sites in Global Shared folder: !Web sites)
• alphabetize a list
• Database of characters in literature books (can be entered by individuals or small groups): list traits and then use the database to compare two different characters from different books. Have students write a paper describing which one they would like to have for a friend and why.

COMPUTER AS COOPERATIVE LEARNING TOOL

• group story (setting, characters, plot, ending)
• enlarge, double space and print written work to be edited by a partner
• Sequence, compare or categorize lists (Use authentic data from the Internet)
• poll the class on a topic and make a graph and compare results

COMPUTER EVOLUTION

THE COMPUTER EVOLUTION 
The Mechanical Era (1623-1945) 
Trying to use machines to solve mathematical problems can be traced to the early 17th century. Wilhelm Schickhard, Blaise Pascal, and Gottfried Leibnitz were among 8mathematicians who designed and implemented calculators that were capable of addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division included .The first multi-purpose or programmable computing device was probably Charles Babbage's Difference Engine, which was begun in 1823 but never completed. In 1842, Babbage designed a more ambitious machine, called the Analytical Engine but unfortunately it also was only partially completed.  Babbage, together with Ada Lovelace recognized several important programming techniques, includingconditional branches, iterative loops and index variables.   Babbage designed the machine which is arguably the first to be used in computational science. In 1933, George Scheutz  and his son, Edvard began work on a smaller version of the difference engine and by 1853 they had constructed a machine that could process  15-digit numbers and calculate fourth-order differences.  The US Census Bureau was one of the first organizations to use the mechanical computers which used punch-card equipment designed by Herman Hollerith to tabulate data for the 1890 census. In 1911 Hollerith's company merged with a competitor to found the corporation which in 1924 became International Business Machines (IBM). 
First Generation Electronic Computers (1937-1953) 
These devices used electronic switches, in the form of vacuum tubes, instead of electromechanical relays.  The earliest attempt to build an electronic computer was by J. V. Atanasoff, a professor of physics and mathematics at Iowa State in 1937. Atanasoff set out to build a machine that would help his graduate students solve systems of partial differential equations. By 1941 he and graduate student Clifford Berry had succeeded in building a machine that could solve 29 simultaneous  equations with 29 unknowns. However, the machine was not programmable, and was more of an electronic calculator.  A second early electronic machine was Colossus, designed by Alan Turing for the British military in 1943.  The first general purpose  programmable electronic computer was the 9Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer (ENIAC), built by J. Presper Eckert and John V. Mauchly at the University of Pennsylvania. Research work began in 1943, funded by the Army Ordinance Department, which needed a way to compute ballistics during World War II. The machine was completed in 1945 and it was used extensively for calculations during the design of the hydrogen bomb.  Eckert, Mauchly, and John von Neumann, a consultant to the ENIAC project, began work on a new machine before ENIAC was finished. The main contribution of EDVAC, their new project, was the notion of a stored program.  ENIAC was controlled by a set of external switches and dials; to change the program required physically altering the settings on these controls. EDVAC was able to run orders of magnitude faster than ENIAC and by storing instructions in  the same medium as data, designers could concentrate on improving the internal structure of the machine without worrying about matching it to the speed of an external control.  Eckert and Mauchly later designed what was arguably the first commercially successful  computer, the UNIVAC; in 1952.  Softwaretechnology during this period was very primitive.
Second Generation (1954-1962) 
The second generation witnessed several important developments at all levels of computer system design, ranging from the technology used to build the basic circuits to the programming languages used to write scientific applications.  Electronic switches in this era were based on discrete diode and transistor technology with a  switching time of approximately 0.3 microseconds. The first machines to be built with this technology include TRADIC at Bell Laboratories in 1954 and TX-0 at MIT's Lincoln  Laboratory.  Index registers were designed for controlling loops and floating point units for calculations based on real numbers. 10A number of high level programming languages were introduced and these include FORTRAN (1956), ALGOL (1958), and COBOL (1959). Important commercial machines of this era include the IBM 704 and its successors, the 709 and 7094.  In the 1950s the first twosupercomputers were designed specifically for numeric processing in scientific applications.  Third Generation (1963-1972) 
Technology changes in this generation include the use of integrated circuits, or ICs (semiconductor devices with several transistors built into one physical component), semiconductor memories, microprogramming as  a technique for efficiently designing complex processors and the introduction of operating systems and time-sharing.  The first ICs were based on small-scale integration (SSI) circuits, which had around 10 devices per circuit (or ‘chip’), and evolved to the use of medium-scale integrated (MSI) circuits, which had up to 100 devices per chip. Multilayered printed circuits were developed and core memory wasreplaced by faster, solid state memories.  In 1964, Seymour Cray developed the CDC 6600,  which was the first architecture to use functional parallelism. By using 10 separate functional units that could operate simultaneously and 32 independent memory  banks, the CDC 6600 was able to attain a computation rate of one million floating point operations per second (Mflops).  Five years later CDC released the 7600, also developed  by Seymour Cray. The CDC 7600, with its pipelined functional units, is considered to be the first vector processor and was capable ofexecuting at ten Mflops. The IBM 360/91, released during the same period, was roughly twice as fast as the CDC 660.  Early in this third generation, Cambridge  University and the University of London cooperated in the development of CPL (Combined Programming Language, 1963). CPL was, according to its authors, an attempt to capture only the important features of the complicated11and sophisticated ALGOL. However, like ALGOL, CPL was large with many features that were hard to learn. In an attempt at further simplification, Martin Richards of Cambridgedeveloped a subset of CPL called BCPL (Basic Computer Programming Language, 1967). In 1970 Ken Thompson of Bell Labs developed yet another simplification of CPL called simply B, in connection with an early implementation of the UNIX operating system.   
Fourth Generation (1972-1984) 
Large scale integration (LSI - 1000 devices per chip) and very large scale integration (VLSI - 100,000 devices per chip) were used in the construction of the fourth generation computers. Whole processors could now fit onto a single chip, and for simple systems the entire computer (processor, main memory, and I/O controllers) could fit on one chip. Gate delays dropped to about 1ns per gate.  Core memories were replaced by semiconductor memories. Large main memories like CRAY 2 began to replace the older high speed vector processors,such as the CRAY 1, CRAY X-MP and CYBER    In 1972, Dennis Ritchie developed the C language from the design of the CPL and Thompson's B. Thompson and Ritchie then used C to write a version of UNIX for the DEC PDP-11.   Other developments in software include very high level languages such as FP(functional programming) and Prolog (programming in logic). IBM worked with Microsoft during the 1980s to start what we can really call PC (Personal Computer) life today.  IBM PC was introduced in October 1981 and it worked with the operating system (software) called ‘Microsoft Disk Operating System (MS DOS) 1.0. Development of MS DOS began in October 1980 when IBM began searching the market foran operating system for the then proposed IBM PC and major contributors were Bill Gates, Paul Allen and Tim Paterson.  In 1983, the Microsoft Windows was announced and this has witnessed several improvements and revision over the last twenty years.     
12Fifth Generation (1984-1990) 
This generation brought about the introduction of machines with hundreds of processors that could all be working on different parts of  a single program. The scale of integration in semiconductors continued at a great pace and by 1990 it was possible to build chips with a million components - and semiconductor memories became standard on all computers. Computer networks and single-user workstations also became popular.   Parallel processing started in this generation.  The Sequent Balance 8000 connected up to 20 processors to a single shared memory module though each processor had its own local cache.The machine was designed to compete with the DEC VAX-780 as a general purpose Unix system, with each processor working on a different user's job. However Sequent provided a library of subroutines that would allow programmers to write programs that would use morethan one processor, and the machine was widely used to explore parallel algorithms and programming techniques.  The Intel iPSC-1, also known as ‘the hypercube’ connected each processor to its own memory and used a network interface to connect processors. This distributed memory architecture meant memory was no longer a problem and large systems with more processors (as many as 128) could be built. Also introduced was a machine, known as a data-parallel or SIMD where there were several thousand very simple processors which work under the direction of a single control unit.  Both wide area network (WAN) and local area network (LAN) technology developed rapidly. 
Sixth Generation 
Most of the developments in computer systems since 1990 have not been fundamental changes but have been gradual improvements  over established systems.  This generation brought about gains in parallel computing in both the hardware and in improved understanding of how to develop algorithms to exploit parallel architectures.  13Workstation technology continued to improve, with processor designs now using a combination of RISC, pipelining, and parallel processing.   Wide area networks, network bandwidth and speed of operation and networking capabilities have kept developing tremendously.  Personal computers (PCs) now operate with Gigabit per second processors, multi-Gigabyte disks, hundreds of Mbytes of RAM, colour printers, high-resolution graphic monitors, stereo sound cards and graphical user interfaces.  Thousands of software (operatingsystems and application software) are existing  today and Microsoft Inc. has been a major contributor.  Microsoft is said to be one of the biggest companies ever, and its chairman –Bill Gates has been rated as the richest man for several years. Finally, this generation has brought about micro controller technology.  Micro controllers are ’embedded’ inside some other devices (often consumer products) so that they can control the features or actions of the product.  They work as small computers inside devices and now serve as essential components in most machines.

COMPUTER NETWORKS TOPOLOGY

What is a Topology???? The physical topology of a network refers to the configuration of cables, computers, and other peripherals. Physical topology should not be confused with logical topology which is the method used to pass information between workstations. 

TYPES OF PHYSICAL TOPOLOGIES

• Linear bus
• Star
• Tree

1.Linear Bus

A linear bus topology consists of a main run of cable with a terminator at each end. All nodes (file server, workstations, and peripherals) are connected to the linear cable.

 

Figure 1 : Linear bus

2.Star

 A star topology is designed with each node (file server, workstations, and peripherals) connected directly to a central network hub, switch, or concentrator.


Data on a star network passes through the hub, switch, or concentrator before continuing to its destination. The hub, switch, or concentrator manages and controls all functions of the network. It also acts as a repeater for the data flow. This configuration is common with twisted pair cable.However, it can also be used with coaxial cable or fiber optic cable.

 

Figure 2 : Star 

3.Tree

A tree topology combines characteristics of linear bus and star topologies. It consists of groups of star-configured workstations connected to a linear bus backbone cable.


Tree topologies allow for the expansion of an existing network, and enable schools to configure a network to meet their needs.

 

Figure 3 :Tree

COMPUTER NETWORKS

A computer network can be two computers connected:

 

A computer network can also consist of, and is usually made for, more than two computers:

Computer Network Characteristics

The primary purpose of a computer network is to share resources:

• You can play a CD music from one computer while sitting on another computer
• You may have a computer that doesn’t have a DVD or BluRay (BD) player. In this case, you can place a movie disc (DVD or BD) on the computer that has the player, and then view the movie on a computer that lacks the player
• You may have a computer with a CD/DVD/BD writer or a backup system but the other computer doesn’t have it. In this case, you can burn discs or make backups on a computer that has one of these but using data from a computer that doesn’t have a disc writer or a backup system
• You can connect a printer (or a scanner, or a fax machine) to one computer and let other computers of the network print (or scan, or fax) to that printer (or scanner, or fax machine)
• You can place a disc with pictures on one computer and let other computers access those pictures
• You can create files and store them in one computer, then access those files from the other computer(s) connected to it.

PEER TO PEER NETWORKING

Based on their layout (not the physical but the imagined layout, also referred to as topology), there are two types of networks. A network is referred to as peer-to-peer if most computers are similar and run workstation operating systems:

 

It typically has a mix of Microsoft Windows 9X, Me, Windows XP Home Edition, or Windows XP Professional (you can also connect a Novell SUSE Linux as part of a Microsoft Windows-based network; the current release of the operating system is really easily to install and made part of the network).

In a peer-to-peer network, each computer holds its files and resources. Other computers can access these resources but a computer that has a particular resource must be turned on for other computers to access the resource it has. For example, if a printer is connected to computer A and computer B wants to printer to that printer, computer A must be turned On.

CLIENT / SERVER NETWORKING

A computer network is referred to as client/server if (at least) one of the computers is used to "serve" other computers referred to as "clients". Besides the computers, other types of devices can be part of the network:

In a client/server environment, each computer still holds (or can still hold) its (or some) resources and files. Other computers can also access the resources stored in a computer, as in a peer-to-peer scenario. One of the particularities of a client/server network is that the files and resources are centralized. This means that a computer, the server, can hold them and other computers can access them. Since the server is always On, the client machines can access the files and resources without caring whether a certain computer is On.

Another big advantage of a client/server network is that security is created, managed, and can highly get enforced. To access the network, a person, called a user must provide some credentials, including a username and a password. If the credentials are not valid, the user can be prevented from accessing the network.

The client/server type of network also provides many other advantages such as centralized backup, Intranet capability, Internet monitoring, etc.

In these series of lessons, the network we will build is based on Microsoft Windows operating systems (I have been able to fully connect some versions of Linux, such as Novell SUSE Linux, into a Microsoft Windows-based network but at the time of this writing, I will not be able to address that).

In our lessons, we will mention the names of companies or provide links. These are only indications and not advertisements. Any other company or link that provides the mentioned service is suitable.

INTRODUCTION TO ICT

Hye guys..Let me introduce first my self.My name is Nurfatin Adila binti Rosman.I'm come from Petaling Jaya,Selangor.I'm one of the student who take Bachelor of Technology with Education (Mechanical Engineering) and I have another 3 years to complete my degree..And,this is the first time I deal with blog and seriously its hard..hihi...Ok,let's back to the main topic.
WHAT IS ICT?
Information and Communication Technology is an umberella term that includes any communication device or application.Such as radio,televisyen.cellular phones,computer and network hardware and software.
THE ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF ICT TOOLS IN EDUCATION
There are many tools that can be use for teachers as their teaching aids.One of them are the using of computer,overhead projector(OHP),video,audio and so on.In new era,there are so many types of teaching aids that can be use by the teachers as a method for teaching and learning process.
The advantages of using ICT tools in education is :

• Images can easily be used in teaching and improving the student memory through ICT.
• Through ICT,teacher can easily explain the complex instructions and ensure their student comprehension.
• Through ICT,teacher are able to create interactive classes and make the lessons enjoyable and fun in the class.This make help to improve student concentration and attendance.

The disadvantages of using ICT tools in educations is :

• The setting up of the devices can be trouble sometime.
• The device are quite expensive to afford.
• If the teachers have no experiences with method to use the ICT tools,it hard for them to apply it in teaching and learning process in the class.

Day two on finishing assignment SPPM1013(TELECOMMUNICATION AND NETWORKING)

Lastly,with full of attention and help from my friend Nurul Bahiyah Abdul Aziz and my only one sister,Mas Anasha...I have my own blog...And this blog is regarding to the assignment on Network and Comunications subject which is individual assignment..And start from now,I will update this blog time to time..